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Design concepts of an aircraft wing: composite and morphing airfoil with auxetic structures

P R BUDARAPU,Sudhir Sastry Y B,R NATARAJAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第4期页码 394-408 doi: 10.1007/s11709-016-0352-z

摘要： This paper is categorized into two parts. (1) A frame work to design the aircraft wing structure and (2) analysis of a morphing airfoil with auxetic structure. The developed design frame work in the first part is used to arrive at the sizes of the various components of an aircraft wing structure. The strength based design is adopted, where the design loads are extracted from the aerodynamic loads. The aerodynamic loads acting on a wing structure are converted to equivalent distributed loads, which are further converted point loads to arrive at the shear forces, bending and twisting moments along the wing span. Based on the estimated shear forces, bending and twisting moments, the strength based design is employed to estimate the sizes of various sections of a composite wing structure. A three dimensional numerical model of the composite wing structure has been developed and analyzed for the extreme load conditions. Glass fiber reinforced plastic material is used in the numerical analysis. The estimated natural frequencies are observed to be in the acceptable limits. Furthermore, the discussed design principles in the first part are extended to the design of a morphing airfoil with auxetic structure. The advantages of the morphing airfoil with auxetic structure are (i) larger displacement with limited straining of the components and (ii) unique deformation characteristics, which produce a theoretical in-plane Poisson’s ratio of −1. Aluminum Alloy AL6061-T651 is considered in the design of all the structural elements. The compliance characteristics of the airfoil are investigated through a numerical model. The numerical results are observed to be in close agreement with the experimental results in the literature.

关键词： wing design aerodynamic loads morphing airfoil auxetic structures negative Poisson’s ratio

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Structural design of morphing trailing edge actuated by SMA

Qi WANG, Zhiwei XU, Qian ZHU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第8卷第3期页码 268-275 doi: 10.1007/s11465-013-0261-y

摘要：

In this paper, the morphing trailing edge is designed to achieve the up and down deflection under the aerodynamic load. After a detailed and accurate computational analysis to determine the SMA specifications and layout programs, a solid model is created in CATIA and the structures of the morphing wing trailing edge are produced by CNC machining. A set of DSP measurement and control system is designed to accomplish the controlling experiment of the morphing wing trailing edge. At last, via the force analysis, the trailing edge is fabricated with four sections of aluminum alloy, and the arrangement scheme of SMA wires is determined. Experiment of precise control integral has been performed to survey the control effect. The experiment consists of deflection angle tests of the third joint and the integral structure. Primarily, the ultimate deflection angle is tested in these two experiments. Therefore, the controlling experiment of different angles could be performed within this range. The results show that the deflection error is less than 4% and response time is less than 6.7 s, the precise controlling of the morphing trailing edge is preliminary realized.

关键词： morphing wing trailing edge shape memory alloy digital signal processor PID algorithm

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动力气垫地效翼船的设计特点及其发展前景

恽良,邬成杰,谢佑农,彭桂华

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第3期页码 67-72

摘要：

文章简要地阐述了动力气垫地效翼船（又名两栖地效翼船）的设计特点及其在中国的发展过程。同时也指出其在军、民方面可能的发展前景，即设想发展一种同时具有两栖性、高速性、耐波性，既可在地效区内高速稳定航行，也可飞出地效区作空中跳跃、机动，还可作软着陆的两栖地效飞行器（Amphibious WIG Plane）,与俄罗斯最近发展的地效飞行器（Экранолëт）极为相似。

关键词：动力气垫两栖地效翼船特点前景

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Deformation analysis of shape memory polymer for morphing wing skin under airflow

Weilong YIN, Jingcang LIU, Jinsong LENG,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第4期页码 447-449 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0062-5

摘要： The method for analyzing the out-of-plane deformation of a flexible skin under airflow is developed in this paper. The aerodynamic analysis is performed using the CFD software, and the structural analysis is performed using finite element method. The chief aim of the present study is to investigate the out-of-plane deformation of the shape memory polymer (SMP) skin at different temperatures. Numerical results show that the maximum out-of-plane displacement of the SMP skin increases with increasing temperature. When the SMP skin is heated to 53°C, the maximum out-of-plane displacement is about 7 mm. It decreases by 72%, when the SMP skin is applied with a uniform pre-strain of 0.1.

关键词： aircraft morphing skin shape memory polymer (SMP) deformation pre-strain

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Investigations on color variations of Morpho rhetenor butterfly wing scales

Guanglan LIAO, Haibo ZUO, Xuan JIANG, Xuefeng YANG, Tielin SHI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第7卷第4期页码 394-400 doi: 10.1007/s11465-012-0347-y

摘要：

Experiments and simulations are carried out to investigate the optical properties of butterfly wing scales. The upper surface of a male butterfly wing presents a single-layer of scales, the microstructures of which are responsible for the brilliant blue color. The color varies from cyan blue to yellow green and soon afterwards returns back to cyan blue when some ethanol is dropped on the upper surface. At the start of the ethanol volatilization process, the reflection spectrum remains stable. As the ethanol further volatilizes, the peak reflectance decreases slightly, then increases dramatically. Meanwhile, the peak wavelength keeps approximately constant, then decreases, and keeps almost stable at the end of the process. Therefore, the optical properties depend strongly on the varying ambient conditions, including the refractive index and the thickness of the packing medium. Moreover, the possible causes for the scales in dark green region after several dropping ethanol experiments are clarified. This research benefits our understanding of the color variation mechanisms of the wing scales, and provides inspiration for further studies and applications.

关键词： Morpho rhetenor microstructures color variations ambient medium

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Kinematical synthesis of an inversion of the double linked fourbar for morphing wing applications

J. AGUIRREBEITIA, R. AVILéS, I. FERNáNDEZ, M. ABASOLO

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第8卷第1期页码 17-32 doi: 10.1007/s11465-013-0364-5

摘要：

This paper presents the kinematical features of an inversion of the double linked fourbar for morphing wing purposes. The structure of the mechanism is obtained using structural synthesis concepts, from an initial conceptual schematic. Then, kinematic characteristics as instant center of rotation, lock positions, dead point positions and uncertainty positions are derived for this mechanism in order to face the last step, the dimensional synthesis; in this sense, two kinds of dimensional synthesis are arranged to guide the wing along two positions, and to fulfill with the second one some aerodynamic and minimum actuation energy related issues.

关键词： morphing wing structural synthesis dimensional synthesis geometrical kinematics

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基于自组织映射的增材制造中数据驱动式微观组织和显微硬度设计 Article

Wagner, 曹简, Wing Kam Liu

《工程（英文）》 2019年第5卷第4期页码 730-735 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.03.014

摘要：

为了在镍基高温合金的增材制造（AM）中设计微观组织和显微硬度，本研究提出了一种新的数据驱动方法，该方法结合了物理模型、实验测量和数据挖掘方法。该模拟基于计算热流体动力学（CtFD）模型，可以获得热行为、凝固参数（如冷却速度）和凝固层的稀释率。根据计算出的热信息，可利用经过充分测试的力学模型估算枝晶臂间距和显微硬度。通过实验测定试样的微观结构和显微硬度，与模拟值进行比较验证。为了实现过程-组织-性能（PSP）关系的可视化，模拟及实验数据集被输入到数据挖掘模型——自组织映射（SOM）中。在多目标下，工艺参数的设计窗口可以从可视化映射中得到。这种被提出的方法可用于AM和其他数据密集型工艺过程。过程、组织和性能之间的数据驱动联系可能会有利于在线过程监控控制，从而获得理想的微观组织和力学性能。

关键词：增材制造数据科学多重物理建模自组织映射微观结构显微硬度镍基高温合金

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Modeling process-structure-property relationships for additive manufacturing

WAGNER, Wing Kam LIU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第13卷第4期页码 482-492 doi: 10.1007/s11465-018-0505-y

摘要：

This paper presents our latest work on comprehensive modeling of process-structure-property relationships for additive manufacturing (AM) materials, including using data-mining techniques to close the cycle of design-predict-optimize. To illustrate the process-structure relationship, the multi-scale multi-physics process modeling starts from the micro-scale to establish a mechanistic heat source model, to the meso-scale models of individual powder particle evolution, and finally to the macro-scale model to simulate the fabrication process of a complex product. To link structure and properties, a high-efficiency mechanistic model, self-consistent clustering analyses, is developed to capture a variety of material response. The model incorporates factors such as voids, phase composition, inclusions, and grain structures, which are the differentiating features of AM metals. Furthermore, we propose data-mining as an effective solution for novel rapid design and optimization, which is motivated by the numerous influencing factors in the AM process. We believe this paper will provide a roadmap to advance AM fundamental understanding and guide the monitoring and advanced diagnostics of AM processing.

关键词： additive manufacturing thermal fluid flow data mining material modeling

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动力气垫地效翼船的流体空气动力性能研究

恽良,邬成杰,谢佑农

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第4期页码 48-52

摘要：

文章简要阐述了动力气垫地效翼船的空气-流体动力设计特点和难点，及“天鹅”号地效翼船的试验研究。由于采取一系列措施，使艇在静垫升性、两栖性、耐波性与气动力配平和运动稳定性等方面，在船模与实船上均取得令人满意的结果。

关键词：动力气垫地效翼船性能

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无人机仿射编队跟踪控制研究 Research Articles

李慧铭,陈浩,王祥科

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第23卷第6期页码 909-919 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100109

摘要：

本文聚焦固定翼无人机集群仿射编队跟踪控制问题，其中固定翼无人机被建模为具有非对称速度约束的独轮车。无人机集群控制目标是生成并跟踪一个由名义编队仿射变换得到的时变目标编队。针对这一目标，在领航跟随者编队控制框架下，提出一种基于应力矩阵的分布式编队控制策略，并从理论上证明，跟随者在跟踪不同飞行轨迹的同时，能够收敛到由领航者位置决定的期望位置，实现编队队形的仿射变换。进一步，为满足固定翼无人机飞行速度约束，提出一种基于饱和函数的控制策略。数值仿真结果证实，所提仿射编队控制策略能有效提高机动性。

关键词：仿射编队；固定翼无人机；多智能体系统

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Reliability design method for steam turbine blades

SHI Jinyuan

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第4期页码 363-368 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0073-7

摘要： Based on theories of probability and statistics, and taking static stresses, dynamic stresses, endurance strength, safety ratios, vibration frequencies and exciting force frequencies of blades as random variables, a reliability design method for steam turbine blades is presented. The purport and calculation method for blade reliability are expounded. The distribution parameters of random variables are determined after analysis and numerical calculation of test data. The fatigue strength and the vibration design reliability of turbine blades are determined with the aid of a probabilistic design method and by interference models for stress distribution and strength distribution. Some blade reliability design calculation formulas for a dynamic stress design method, a safety ratio design method for fatigue strength, and a vibration reliability design method for the first and second types of tuned blades and a packet of blades on a disk connected closely, are given together with some practical examples. With these methods, the design reliability of steam turbine blades can be guaranteed in the design stage. This research may provide some scientific basis for reliability design of steam turbine blades.

关键词： design reliability force probability purport reliability design

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Assembly design system based on engineering connection

Wensheng YIN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第4期页码 423-432 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0382-1

摘要：

An assembly design system is an important part of computer-aided design systems, which are important tools for realizing product concept design. The traditional assembly design system does not record the connection information of production on the engineering layer; consequently, the upstream design idea cannot be fully used in the downstream design. An assembly design model based on the relationship of engineering connection is presented. In this model, all nodes are divided into two categories: The component and the connection. Moreover, the product is constructed on the basis of the connection relationship of the components. The model is an And/Or graph and has the ability to record all assembly schemes. This model records only the connection information that has engineering application value in the product design. In addition, this model can significantly reduce the number of combinations, and is very favorable for the assembly sequence planning in the downstream. The system contains a connection knowledge system that can be mapped to the connection node, and the connection knowledge obtained in practice can be returned to the knowledge system. Finally, VC++6.0 is used to develop a prototype system called Connect-based Assembly Planning (CAP). The relationship between the CAP system and the commercial assembly design system is also established.

关键词： product design assembly design engineering connection assembly sequence planning

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设计科学的争论和设计竞争力

谢友柏

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第8期页码 4-13

摘要：

本文回溯了19 世纪末以来西方关于设计科学的争论，探讨在前工业设计时期、工业设计时期和后工业设计时期中关于设计认知和理念的变化，特别是它们在整个工业设计时期中随同满足物质需求产品生产能力增长而发生的转变。事实表明，当产能不满足物质需求时，工业生产是以规模竞争优先；而当规模发展到极端而导致产能过剩并引发许多社会问题时，工业生产就转向创新竞争。竞争模式改变导致设计认知和理念的变化：从保证大规模物质生产、符合物质演变规律，即理性的系统化的设计，到满足人们对新的和美好生活的追求，并同时满足物质需求、精神需求和社会需求统一的由创意引领的设计。哪一个设计能使创新成功，取决于竞争，不仅仅是市场竞争，而且是在社会发展中的竞争。现在不是会不会设计的问题，而是设计有没有竞争力。中国正处在经济增长方式转变的关键时期，推动设计科学的研究，认识这些变化非常重要。本文提出了“竞争性设计”和“继承性设计”的概念，并将后工业设计时期称为竞争性设计时期。

关键词：设计工业设计设计科学知识知识获取

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Optimal dome design considering member-related design constraints

Tugrul TALASLIOGLU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第5期页码 1150-1170 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0543-5

摘要： This study proposes to optimize the design of geometrically nonlinear dome structures. A new Multi-objective Optimization Algorithm named Pareto Archived Genetic Algorithm (PAGA), which has an ability of integrating the nonlinear structural analysis with the provisions of American Petroleum Institute specification is employed to optimize the design of ellipse and sphere-shaped dome configurations. Thus, it is possible to investigate how the qualities of optimal designations vary considering the shape, size, and topology-related design variables. Furthermore, the computing efficiency of PAGA is evaluated considering six multi-objective optimization algorithms and eight quality measuring indicators. It is shown that PAGA has a capability of both exploring an increased number of pareto solutions and predicting a pareto front with a higher convergence degree. Moreover, the inclusion of shape-related design variables leads to a decrease in both the weights of dome structures and their load-carrying capacities. However, the designer easily determines the most requested optimal design through the archiving feature of PAGA. Thus, it is also demonstrated that the proposed optimal design procedure increases the correctness degree in the evaluation of optimal dome designs through the tradeoff analysis. Consequently, PAGA is recommended as an optimization tool for the design optimization of geometrically nonlinear dome structures.

关键词： dome structure geometric nonlinearity multi-objective optimization API RP2A-LRFD

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LARM PKM solutions for torso design in humanoid robots

Marco CECCARELLI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第9卷第4期页码 308-316 doi: 10.1007/s11465-014-0318-6

摘要：

Human-like torso features are essential in humanoid robots. In this paper problems for design and operation of solutions for a robotic torso are discussed by referring to experiences and designs that have been developed at Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics (LARM) in Cassino, Italy. A new solution is presented with conceptual views as waist-trunk structure that makes a proper partition of the performance for walking and arm operations as sustained by a torso.

关键词： humanoid robots torso design parallel manipulators (PKM) conceptual design